Gut bacterial aromatic amine production: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and its effects on peripheral serotonin production.

Colonic luminal aromatic amines have been historically considered to be derived from dietary source, especially fermented foods; however, recent studies indicate that the gut microbiota serves as an alternative source of these amines. Herein, we show that five prominent genera of Firmicutes (Blautia, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, and Tyzzerella) have the ability to abundantly produce aromatic amines through the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). In vitro cultivation of human fecal samples revealed that a significant positive correlation between aadc copy number of Ruminococcus gnavus and phenylethylamine (PEA) production. Furthermore, using genetically engineered Enterococcus faecalis-colonized BALB/cCrSlc mouse model, we showed that the gut bacterial aadc stimulates the production of colonic serotonin, which is reportedly involved in osteoporosis and irritable bowel syndrome. Finally, we showed that human AADC inhibitors carbidopa and benserazide inhibit PEA production in En. faecalis.

Putrescine Production by Latilactobacillus curvatus KP 3-4 Isolated from Fermented Foods.

Polyamines are aliphatic hydrocarbons with terminal amino groups and are essential for biological activities. It has been reported that polyamines have health-promoting effects in animals, such as the extension of lifespan by polyamine intake. The identification of a high polyamine-producing bacterium from foods could lead to the development of a novel probiotic candidate. We aimed to identify high polyamine-producing bacteria from food, and isolated and collected bacteria from vegetables and fermented foods produced in Japan. We successfully acquired Latilactobacillus curvatus KP 3-4 isolated from Kabura-zushi as a putrescine producing lactic acid bacteria. Comparing the polyamine synthesis capability of L. curvatus KP 3-4 with that of typical probiotic lactic acid bacteria and L. curvatus strains available from the Japan Collection of Microorganisms, it was found that only L. curvatus KP 3-4 was capable of exporting high levels of putrescine into the culture supernatant. The enhancement of putrescine production by the addition of ornithine, and whole-genome analysis of L. curvatus KP 3-4, suggest that putrescine is synthesized via ornithine decarboxylase. The administration of L. curvatus KP 3-4 to germ-free mice increased the concentration of putrescine in the feces.

Synthesis of (-)-Piperitylmagnolol Featuring ortho-Selective Deiodination and Pd-Catalyzed Allylation.

A 1,4-addition strategy using an enone and a copper reagent was studied for the synthesis of (-)-piperitylmagnolol. A MOM-protected biphenol copper reagent was added to BF3·OEt2-activated 4-isopropylcyclohexenone, whereas 1,4-addition of protected monophenol reagents possessing an allyl group was found to be unsuccessful. The allyl group was later attached to the p-,p'-diiodo-biphenol ring by Pd-catalyzed coupling with allylborate. The aforementioned iodide was synthesized using a new method for ortho-selective deiodination of o-,p-diiodophenols.

Activation of Marginally Reactive Boron Enolates by MeLi for the Formation of Enol Phosphates and Synthesis of the Δ(9)-THC Intermediate.

The addition of MeLi to boron enolates produced by the 1,4-addition of Ar2Cu(CN)Li2 to BF3·OEt2-activated enones was followed by the reaction with ClP(O)(OEt)2 to afford the corresponding enol phosphates in moderate to good yields. The scope of this method was examined with sterically hindered or electronically biased enones and/or reagents. This activation of boron enolates was successfully applied to the synthesis of the methyl ether of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol.